Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio; Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa; Rubén Dario Mora Armenta; Ricardo Serrano Tamayo; Raul Buenrostro Espinosa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio, Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa, Rubén Dario Mora Armenta, Ricardo Serrano Tamayo, Raul Buenrostro Espinosa

Published in Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (Volume 6, Issue 1)

Received: 16 March 2022 Accepted: 8 April 2022 Published: 29 April 2022

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Abstract

Electroencephalographic monitoring is a modality that should currently be recommended in all patients undergoing General Anesthesia. The use of Bispectral index (BIS) maintains special functions such as electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) waves. The electroencephalogram has the capacity to provide information directly from the cerebral cortex and it can guide us to avoid the presence of suppression bursts, therefore the anesthesiologist should be familiar with the electroencephalogram. Electroencephalographic waves are classified by their frequency range, and their characteristics are highly dependent on the degree of activity of the brain’s cerebral cortex. The Delta waves which include all the waves in the EEG below 3.5 Hz, the Theta waves have frequencies between 4 and 7 Hz, the Alpha waves are rhythmic waves occurring at a frequency range between 8 and 13 Hz, the Beta waves are very low amplitude, and high frequency range between 13 and 30 Hz. In this study we analyze the presence of the spectrogram in patients under Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and Balanced General Anesthesia (BGA) through the BIS device in spinal surgery. Eighteen patients were analyzed, assessing the spectrogram to find the "fill in" phenomenon, 9 of the patients who were managed with Sevoflorane had this phenomenon, with a total predominance of "alpha theta and delta" waves, while the rest of the patients, who had TIVA, remained with a predominance of "alpha and delta" waves but with lower intensity. The drugs used in the transanesthetic such opioids, hypnotics, and others anesthetics can cause alterations unrelated to the surgical event.

Published in	Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (Volume 6, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
Page(s)	1-5
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Spectrogram, Electroencephalogram, TIVA, BIS

References

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[3]	Purdon PL, Sampson A, Pavone KJ, Brown EN. The Electroencephalogram and Brain Monitoring under General Anesthesia. Clinical Electroencephalography for Anesthesiologists Part I: Background and Basic Signatures. Anesthesiology [Internet]. 2015; 123 (4): 937–60.
[4]	Li Y, Bohringer C, Liu H. Double standard: Why electrocardiogram is standard care while electroencephalogram is not? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2020; 33 (5): 626–32.
[5]	Gallardo-Hernández AG, Hernández-Pérez AL, Sánchez-López JA, Ordoñez-Espinosa G, Islas-Andrade S, Revilla-Monsalve C. Monitores de profundidad anestésica. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 2016; 39 (3): 201–4.
[6]	Marco Cascella. Mechanisms underlying brain monitoring during anesthesia: limitations, possible improvements, and perspectives. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2016; 69 (2): 113-120. Published online March 30, 2016.
[7]	Jin S, Baik HJ, Cho S, Chung RK, Kong KA, Kim YJ. The influence of neuromuscular blockade on phase lag entropy and bispectral index: A randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021; 16 (9 September 2021): 1–18. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257467
[8]	Gaszyński T, Wieczorek A. A comparison of BIS recordings during propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia and sevoflurane-based inhalational anaesthesia in obese patients. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2016; 48 (4): 239–47.
[9]	Punjasawadwong Y, Phongchiewboon A, Bunchungmongkol N. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery [Internet]. Vol. 2017, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2014 [cited 2021 Jan 2]. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6483694/?report=abstract
[10]	Evered LA, Chan MTV, Han R, Chu MHM, Cheng BP, Scott DA, et al. Anaesthetic depth and delirium after major surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Anaesth. 2021; 127 (5): 704–12.
[11]	Brown CH, Edwards C, Lin C, Jones EL, Yanek LR, Esmaili M, et al. Spinal Anesthesia with Targeted Sedation based on Bispectral Index Values Compared with General Anesthesia with Masked Bispectral Index Values to Reduce Delirium: The SHARP Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2021; 135 (6): 992–1003.
[12]	Purdon PL, Pavone KJ, Akeju O, Smith AC, Sampson AL, Lee J, et al. The Ageing Brain: Age-dependent changes in the electroencephalogram during propofol and sevofluranegeneral anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2015; 115: i46–57.
[13]	Lobo FA, Vacas S, Naranjo M. Loss of spectral alpha power during spine surgery: what could be wrong? J Clin Monit Comput [Internet]. 2021; 35 (6): 1531–3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-021-00720-1
[14]	Salgado-Seixas F, Pereira R, Machado H, Cavaleiro C. Misinterpretation and Limitations of pEEG Monitoring During Multimodal General Anesthesia: A Case Report. A&A Pract. 2020; 14 (4): 109–11.
[15]	Herrero L, Quirós S, Villanueva V. REV ELECT ANESTESIAR-VOL 13 (2) : 1 Electroencefalografía clínica para el anestesiólogo. 2021; 13 (2). Available from: www.masimo.es

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Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio, Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa, Rubén Dario Mora Armenta, Ricardo Serrano Tamayo, Raul Buenrostro Espinosa. (2022). Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery. Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 6(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

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ACS Style

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio; Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa; Rubén Dario Mora Armenta; Ricardo Serrano Tamayo; Raul Buenrostro Espinosa. Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 2022, 6(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

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AMA Style

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio, Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa, Rubén Dario Mora Armenta, Ricardo Serrano Tamayo, Raul Buenrostro Espinosa. Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery. Pharm Sci Technol. 2022;6(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

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@article{10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11,
  author = {Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio and Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa and Rubén Dario Mora Armenta and Ricardo Serrano Tamayo and Raul Buenrostro Espinosa},
  title = {Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery},
  journal = {Pharmaceutical Science and Technology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pst.20220601.11},
  abstract = {Electroencephalographic monitoring is a modality that should currently be recommended in all patients undergoing General Anesthesia. The use of Bispectral index (BIS) maintains special functions such as electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) waves. The electroencephalogram has the capacity to provide information directly from the cerebral cortex and it can guide us to avoid the presence of suppression bursts, therefore the anesthesiologist should be familiar with the electroencephalogram. Electroencephalographic waves are classified by their frequency range, and their characteristics are highly dependent on the degree of activity of the brain’s cerebral cortex. The Delta waves which include all the waves in the EEG below 3.5 Hz, the Theta waves have frequencies between 4 and 7 Hz, the Alpha waves are rhythmic waves occurring at a frequency range between 8 and 13 Hz, the Beta waves are very low amplitude, and high frequency range between 13 and 30 Hz. In this study we analyze the presence of the spectrogram in patients under Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and Balanced General Anesthesia (BGA) through the BIS device in spinal surgery. Eighteen patients were analyzed, assessing the spectrogram to find the "fill in" phenomenon, 9 of the patients who were managed with Sevoflorane had this phenomenon, with a total predominance of "alpha theta and delta" waves, while the rest of the patients, who had TIVA, remained with a predominance of "alpha and delta" waves but with lower intensity. The drugs used in the transanesthetic such opioids, hypnotics, and others anesthetics can cause alterations unrelated to the surgical event.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery
AU  - Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio
AU  - Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa
AU  - Rubén Dario Mora Armenta
AU  - Ricardo Serrano Tamayo
AU  - Raul Buenrostro Espinosa
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N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
T2  - Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
JF  - Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
JO  - Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-4540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
AB  - Electroencephalographic monitoring is a modality that should currently be recommended in all patients undergoing General Anesthesia. The use of Bispectral index (BIS) maintains special functions such as electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) waves. The electroencephalogram has the capacity to provide information directly from the cerebral cortex and it can guide us to avoid the presence of suppression bursts, therefore the anesthesiologist should be familiar with the electroencephalogram. Electroencephalographic waves are classified by their frequency range, and their characteristics are highly dependent on the degree of activity of the brain’s cerebral cortex. The Delta waves which include all the waves in the EEG below 3.5 Hz, the Theta waves have frequencies between 4 and 7 Hz, the Alpha waves are rhythmic waves occurring at a frequency range between 8 and 13 Hz, the Beta waves are very low amplitude, and high frequency range between 13 and 30 Hz. In this study we analyze the presence of the spectrogram in patients under Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and Balanced General Anesthesia (BGA) through the BIS device in spinal surgery. Eighteen patients were analyzed, assessing the spectrogram to find the "fill in" phenomenon, 9 of the patients who were managed with Sevoflorane had this phenomenon, with a total predominance of "alpha theta and delta" waves, while the rest of the patients, who had TIVA, remained with a predominance of "alpha and delta" waves but with lower intensity. The drugs used in the transanesthetic such opioids, hypnotics, and others anesthetics can cause alterations unrelated to the surgical event.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio

Neuroanesthesia, ISSTECALI Hospital, Mexicali Baja California, México
Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa

Oncological Anaesthesia, IMSS #30 Hospital, Mexicali Baja California, México
Rubén Dario Mora Armenta

Neuroanesthesia, ISSTECALI Hospital, Mexicali Baja California, México
Ricardo Serrano Tamayo

Neuroanesthesia, General Ajusco Medio Hospital, CDMX, México
Raul Buenrostro Espinosa

General Surgery, ISSSTE Hospital, Mexicali Baja California, México

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APA Style

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio, Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa, Rubén Dario Mora Armenta, Ricardo Serrano Tamayo, Raul Buenrostro Espinosa. (2022). Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery. Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 6(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

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ACS Style

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio; Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa; Rubén Dario Mora Armenta; Ricardo Serrano Tamayo; Raul Buenrostro Espinosa. Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery. Pharm. Sci. Technol. 2022, 6(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

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AMA Style

Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio, Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa, Rubén Dario Mora Armenta, Ricardo Serrano Tamayo, Raul Buenrostro Espinosa. Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery. Pharm Sci Technol. 2022;6(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11

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@article{10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11,
  author = {Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio and Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa and Rubén Dario Mora Armenta and Ricardo Serrano Tamayo and Raul Buenrostro Espinosa},
  title = {Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery},
  journal = {Pharmaceutical Science and Technology},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.pst.20220601.11},
  abstract = {Electroencephalographic monitoring is a modality that should currently be recommended in all patients undergoing General Anesthesia. The use of Bispectral index (BIS) maintains special functions such as electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) waves. The electroencephalogram has the capacity to provide information directly from the cerebral cortex and it can guide us to avoid the presence of suppression bursts, therefore the anesthesiologist should be familiar with the electroencephalogram. Electroencephalographic waves are classified by their frequency range, and their characteristics are highly dependent on the degree of activity of the brain’s cerebral cortex. The Delta waves which include all the waves in the EEG below 3.5 Hz, the Theta waves have frequencies between 4 and 7 Hz, the Alpha waves are rhythmic waves occurring at a frequency range between 8 and 13 Hz, the Beta waves are very low amplitude, and high frequency range between 13 and 30 Hz. In this study we analyze the presence of the spectrogram in patients under Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and Balanced General Anesthesia (BGA) through the BIS device in spinal surgery. Eighteen patients were analyzed, assessing the spectrogram to find the "fill in" phenomenon, 9 of the patients who were managed with Sevoflorane had this phenomenon, with a total predominance of "alpha theta and delta" waves, while the rest of the patients, who had TIVA, remained with a predominance of "alpha and delta" waves but with lower intensity. The drugs used in the transanesthetic such opioids, hypnotics, and others anesthetics can cause alterations unrelated to the surgical event.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spectrogram Comparison Between Total Intravenous Anesthesia and Balanced General Anesthesia During Spinal Surgery
AU  - Jorge Francisco Pina Rubio
AU  - Maria Elena Buenrostro Espinosa
AU  - Rubén Dario Mora Armenta
AU  - Ricardo Serrano Tamayo
AU  - Raul Buenrostro Espinosa
Y1  - 2022/04/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
T2  - Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
JF  - Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
JO  - Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-4540
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pst.20220601.11
AB  - Electroencephalographic monitoring is a modality that should currently be recommended in all patients undergoing General Anesthesia. The use of Bispectral index (BIS) maintains special functions such as electromyography (EMG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) waves. The electroencephalogram has the capacity to provide information directly from the cerebral cortex and it can guide us to avoid the presence of suppression bursts, therefore the anesthesiologist should be familiar with the electroencephalogram. Electroencephalographic waves are classified by their frequency range, and their characteristics are highly dependent on the degree of activity of the brain’s cerebral cortex. The Delta waves which include all the waves in the EEG below 3.5 Hz, the Theta waves have frequencies between 4 and 7 Hz, the Alpha waves are rhythmic waves occurring at a frequency range between 8 and 13 Hz, the Beta waves are very low amplitude, and high frequency range between 13 and 30 Hz. In this study we analyze the presence of the spectrogram in patients under Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) and Balanced General Anesthesia (BGA) through the BIS device in spinal surgery. Eighteen patients were analyzed, assessing the spectrogram to find the "fill in" phenomenon, 9 of the patients who were managed with Sevoflorane had this phenomenon, with a total predominance of "alpha theta and delta" waves, while the rest of the patients, who had TIVA, remained with a predominance of "alpha and delta" waves but with lower intensity. The drugs used in the transanesthetic such opioids, hypnotics, and others anesthetics can cause alterations unrelated to the surgical event.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
ER  -

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