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An Overview on Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) Pharmacological Effects: Current and Conventional
Muhammad Awais Hanif,
Syeda Mona Hassan,
Shahzad Sharif Mughal,
Aesha Rehman,
Syed Khurram Hassan,
Asif Ibrahim,
Huma Hassan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
1-6
Received:
22 June 2020
Accepted:
22 April 2021
Published:
30 April 2021
Abstract: Trachyspermum ammi L. (Apiaceae) is commonly famous as Ajwain. Ajwain, Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague is an erect yearly herb with striate stem, India and eastern Persia is the origin of this plant. The most useful element of ajwain is the little fruit like caraway, which always especially admired in Indian delectable recipes, flavorful baked goods, and snacks. In Ayurvedic meds, it is utilized as a restorative plant for its stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, and tonic properties. Ajwain is grown in arid or partially arid regions where concentration of salts is very high. Ajwain due to its typical odor and sharp tastes is employed in curries as a flavor. Its seed are utilized as flavoring agents in foods as preservatives, for the manufacture of vital oil in perfume industry, in medicine and Essential oil extracted from Ajwain especially thymol helps in relieving cholera. Ajwain seeds are also effective in treating aphrodisiac and premature ejaculation. Among external relieves, Ajwain is effective in treating asthma, delirium, colic earache and rheumatism. Along with the potent antioxidant activity, the Ajwain methanolic extract revealed to exhibit in vivo hepatoprotective activity with 80% defense against an in general deadly dose of paracetamol in pests. The bronchodilatory impact of the decocted concentrate of Ajwain on the asthmatic patients' airways was inspected in an ensuing examination ponders. According to the outcomes, the concentrate has a reasonably bronchodilatory impact on asthmatic airways assessed to the impact of Theophylline at fixations utilized.
Abstract: Trachyspermum ammi L. (Apiaceae) is commonly famous as Ajwain. Ajwain, Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague is an erect yearly herb with striate stem, India and eastern Persia is the origin of this plant. The most useful element of ajwain is the little fruit like caraway, which always especially admired in Indian delectable recipes, flavorful baked good...
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The Impact of under-Staffing of Nurses on Sedative/Analgesic Agents Administration in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit [PICU]
Khaled Abdelmagid,
Kramer Bree,
Heard Christopher
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
7-13
Received:
18 November 2020
Accepted:
17 December 2020
Published:
21 May 2021
Abstract: Institution: Department of Pediatrics, pediatric critical care, University of Buffalo Oishei Children’s’ hospital. Objective: To evaluate the impact of understaffing on administration of sedatives and analgesics to patients in pediatric intensive care unit [PICU]. Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: PICU in a university-affiliated children’s hospital. Patients: Fifteen intubated children 0-21 years of age admitted to the PICU in September and October 2017 at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital of Buffalo. Twenty-one intubated children admitted in January and February 2018 at Oishei Children’s Hospital. All intubated patients in our study received sedation and analgesic drips and/or boluses. Intervention: None. Results: We used NEMS [Nine Equivalent of nursing use Manpower score] as a way of evaluating the ‘appropriateness’ of nurse-patient ratio. Appropriate shifts were defined as shifts with Nurse/Patients [N/P] ratio similar to that determined per NEMS. Under-staffed Shifts were shifts with N/P ratio less than determined per NEMS. Sedation burden was defined as extradoses of sedation given or rate change of drip per shift. There were no differences in age, sex, race, weight and PRISM score between patients admitted in both hospitals. There was no significant difference in sedation burden between appropriate shifts 207/429 [48.2%] vs under-staffed shifts 26/44 [59.1%], p-value=0.17. Linear regression was used to account for severity of disease using PRISM score, there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was significant sedation burden in shifts with higher N/P ratio [1:1 or 2:1] vs lower N/P ratio [1:2] [112/191 58.6% vs 121/281 43%, p-value=0.0009]. Conclusion: We could not prove that understaffing would be associated with increase sedation. In our study group, there was increase sedation administration to patients when they had more nurses at their bedside. We think having an established sedation score and collecting these scores with the amount of sedation given during appropriate and under-staffed shifts might help controlling for some of the variables and give a more objective method to judge the patients’ depth of sedation. More studies need to be conducted on the effect of nurse staffing and the amount of sedation.
Abstract: Institution: Department of Pediatrics, pediatric critical care, University of Buffalo Oishei Children’s’ hospital. Objective: To evaluate the impact of understaffing on administration of sedatives and analgesics to patients in pediatric intensive care unit [PICU]. Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: PICU in a university-affiliated children’s hos...
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Antibiotic Resistance, Virulence Factors and Phylogenetic Analysis of Efflux Proteins of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus Isolates from Sewage Samples
Kannan Balachander,
Deborah Gnana Selvam Alexander
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
14-23
Received:
24 February 2021
Accepted:
26 March 2021
Published:
26 May 2021
Abstract: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are now emergent worldwide and pose a serious threat to disease prevention and treatment. The World Health Organization declared anti-microbial resistance as a major peril to human beings. Staphylococcus is part of the normal microbiome of humans and are responsible for opportunistic infections. Like S. aureus, Coagulase-negative staphylococcus are also clinically important as the causal agents of severe diseases, nosocomial infections, catheter-associated infection, bacteremia, septicemia. Methicillin resistant Staphylococci species are widely known and methicillin resistant CoNS, known as MR-CoNS, have been found to carry the mecA gene. Various virulence factors help these organisms in their pathogenicity and antibiotic-resistance is aided by the presence of efflux pumps. In our study, we have isolated 45 isolates from sewage water which were tentatively identified as CoNS based on biochemical characteristics. Then virulence and antibiotics susceptibility patterns were screened by standard protocols. Multiple drug resistant CoNS were found in our study and in silico analysis of an annotated protein sequence of the efflux pump SepA of Pseudomonas putida was carried out. Sequence analysis of the efflux protein gene revealed that it is phylogenetically related to the AcrA of Staphylococcus sp. and a RND transporter of Vibrio sp. The widespread presence of MR-CoNS is a cause for serious concern as sewage treatment plants are reservoirs for the spread of antibiotic resistance.
Abstract: Multidrug-resistant pathogens are now emergent worldwide and pose a serious threat to disease prevention and treatment. The World Health Organization declared anti-microbial resistance as a major peril to human beings. Staphylococcus is part of the normal microbiome of humans and are responsible for opportunistic infections. Like S. aureus, Coagula...
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Comparison of EMERPHED® (Ephedrine Sulfate) Injection with Current Concentrated Ephedrine Products in Simulated Clinical Settings
Alexander James Sperry,
James Cruikshank,
Aaron Winn,
Karen Jean MacKinnon,
Nashaat Zakaria Gerges,
George Edward MacKinnon III,
Abhay Singh Chauhan
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
24-36
Received:
3 May 2021
Accepted:
20 May 2021
Published:
31 May 2021
Abstract: During surgical procedures, patients can have potentially life-threatening hypotension that requires immediate treatment with ephedrine sulfate, which requires compounding at the patient’s bedside. This study was conducted to validate and compare Nexus Pharmaceutical’s EMERPHED®, a pre-diluted ephedrine sulfate injection, with commercially used concentrated ephedrine sulfate in a simulated clinical setting. Twenty-four compounding simulations were performed in the clinical setting to simultaneously formulate EMERPHED® and concentrated ephedrine with a standardized dose of 10mg. The time to prepare the formulations, syringe volume, and the remaining contents of each vial were measured to determine compounding efficacy. Wastage reduction was theoretically discussed based on the waste disposal, and beyond use date. Inter-day variations were evaluated on different parameters. The time taken to formulate EMERPHED® was significantly faster (104.10±21.78 vs 70.63±12.45 seconds) than concentrated ephedrine (P≤0.05). The mean value for EMERPHED® was higher for the syringe accuracy, although it was not statistically significant (P=0.20) compared to concentrated ephedrine. Whereas for the remaining vial volume accuracy, EMERPHED® performed better (97.70±1.55% Vs 78.85±10.81%) than concentrated ephedrine (P≤0.05). Participants improved in the time to formulate both products between the first and second day. There was no significant difference in the percent mean accuracy of syringe dosing and remaining vial volume between days. There was no detected difference in waste reduction. EMERPHED® showed significantly greater compounding efficacy and ease of use compared to commercially available concentrated ephedrine in the clinical simulations. The results indicate that EMERPHED® could be a potential replacement option to institutions using concentrated ephedrine.
Abstract: During surgical procedures, patients can have potentially life-threatening hypotension that requires immediate treatment with ephedrine sulfate, which requires compounding at the patient’s bedside. This study was conducted to validate and compare Nexus Pharmaceutical’s EMERPHED®, a pre-diluted ephedrine sulfate injection, with commercially used con...
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Impact of Different Antibiotic Regimens on Patients with Respiratory Tract Infection
Liu Chen,
Weijun Jin,
Rong Jian
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 1, June 2021
Pages:
37-39
Received:
1 June 2021
Accepted:
8 June 2021
Published:
16 June 2021
Abstract: To assess impact of different antibiotic regimens on patients with respiratory tract infection, we establish a randomized controlled trial for comparison of different antibiotic regimens. From May 2019 to February 2021, we collected valid data from 182 patients in the hospital. This study consisted of 3 steps. First, we invited the patients with respiratory tract infection who meet the inclusion criteria. Also, patients were divided into control group (n=98) and intervention group (n=84) according to the antibiotic regimen they received. Second, we collected the data by questionnaires, including basic patient characteristics, treatment period, treatment cost, and treatment effect. Third, we analyze the data by software. In this study, the less days of treatment period and less payment of treatment in intervention group patient than control group patients, that their results between were significantly different. Also, treatment effect of two antibiotic regimens were similar, that the rates of treatment effective were no significantly different. In summary, we found that the patients who received levofloxacin lactate sodium chloride injection treatment had shorter treatment period and less treatment cost than the patients who received ceftazidime treatment, but their treatment effects were similar.
Abstract: To assess impact of different antibiotic regimens on patients with respiratory tract infection, we establish a randomized controlled trial for comparison of different antibiotic regimens. From May 2019 to February 2021, we collected valid data from 182 patients in the hospital. This study consisted of 3 steps. First, we invited the patients with re...
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